Lots of factors make an engine radical, but for pump gas limits, you're looking mainly at compression ratio and cranking pressure.
Since an engine is an air pump, you want high pressure and lots of air capacity in the cylinders to make power.
Low-octane gas burns quickly and unevenly, especially in high compression situations, causing detonation.
Here's a real good article on the theory, hang in there through the math:
http://victorylibrary.com/mopar/cam-tech-c.htmBasically, if you limit compression ratio and cam timing to stay within safe cylinder pressure limits, you have to rely on other factors to make big HP. Like displacement, which is one reason why stroker motors are so popular.
And there's quench, and ignition timing, and intake/exhaust flow - it gets complicated quickly.
Mopar Muscle just got 600+ HP put of a BB stroker wedge on 87 octane dishwater, which is amazing. It's harder on a SB, though not impossible.
There's no replacement for displacement.