It was the fusible link!!! Nothing like starting her up after one week of silence
The Volt-meter still makes the noise when attaching the pins to both ends, that's why I thought it's still good, but bridging the fusible link with a cable remedies all electrical problems. Maybe it's also the connectors, the tip of the male part looks a little burnt, but seemed to connect just fine. Just ordered two replacement links from YearOne, I hope they also come with the male plug.
Thanks everyone for the tips, I learned a lot about the electrical system in my Challenger and thanks to this I can now also work on putting the 8-track back in.