If the tire width varies, don't worry about the profile number being the same. The profile number is the tire's sidewall height, but it's listed as a % of the width. So, wider tires have taller sidewalls for a given profile. To work out the sidewall height, you multiply the tire width by the percentage of the profile. To get the total height of the wheel, you double the sidewall height and add the rim diameter.
So...
215/55/17 works out to be 215mm X.55 = 118.25mm, which is your sidewall height . Multiply by two to get the height top and bottom 118.25x2= 236.5mm. Convert to inches and add 17" and you get 26.3", which is the height of your wheel.
A 255/50/17 has a sidewall height of 255mm x. 5 = 127.5mm, so even though it's a "lower" profile its a taller tire. Total wheel height is 27".
So, even though the front tire has a higher profile, it has a smaller sidewall and is a shorter wheel.
As far as them fitting, they should. I wouldn't go any taller for a wheel in the front, as you'll end up with clearance issues. But a 215 is an easy fit on the front. In the back a 255 should be no problem either, 27" is fairly tall but typically anything less than 28" tall fits without issues.
You could actually run wider tires both front and rear. I have 17x9's with zero offset on my Challenger, with 275/40/17's on the front and rear. That's pretty much the limit for width for the front, and the back too unless you have some kind of spring offset installed. If you wanted to you could run 255/45/17's on 17x8's (or 17x9's) all the way around and be able to rotate your tires.
These are my rims...
http://www.summitracing.com/parts/vsw-141h7965gm0/overview/