I'd give it a try doing an IPA (don't remember now what the letters are short for...) that means a mix of isopropanol and destilled water. This will remove all oil deposits from the rubbing compound (hardly visible) AND the spots you want to get rid of. It's recommended to to this to your complete paintjob after polishing step and before you add a layer of wax. This prepares your paint job for waxing, giving a better and long-lasting result. As I think you've already waxed your car, you could do the IPA now only where you find it necessary by light rubbing the IPA with a moist microfibre towel, and dry it off with a clean mf towel.
I learned the same way as you, earlier this year. I masked everything, I thought, but it was obvious that I'd used too much rubbing compund or maybe revved the polisher too early/high.
